Analyzing Dante and Machiavelli´s Characteristics of a...

Dante and Machiavelli were both writers who felt that society and leaders were greatly mislead in their approach of operating the state. Yet even they had very contrasting beliefs in their view of what was ideal for a society to function properly. Machiavelli judges religious or political leaders is based there’s ability to maintain order and unity, regardless of whether one or not need these leaders put there morality and ethics aside for this greater benefit of one’s state. This differs greatly from Dante because his evaluation of the leaders of his time is based solely on how true they stay to moral and ethical virtues. He judges the political. Their ideas of human excellence are revealed through these judgments are very different.†¦show more content†¦He raves about the prestige Ferdinand has acquired in Chapter twenty one of the prince, â€Å"Nothing makes a prince so esteemed as when he personally accomplishes things rare and exemplary. In our times we h ave Ferdinand of Aragon, the present king of Spain. He may also be called a new prince, because from being a weak king he has become through the fame and glory he has achieved, the first king among Christians, and if you consider his actions you will find them great and some even extraordinary.†(Quote from the prince page 94) Even though Machiavelli realizes that it is wrong to use religion to attain power he still commends Ferdinand for doing so because appearing to be religious can give one a very noble perception. Machiavelli believes it is more important create a public image of being trustworthy and sincere than trying to live by those principles in reality. This is because in reality it is very difficult to get a head and stand by moral principles at the same time. He states clearly while explaining why he applauds Ferdinand for his actions, â€Å"When it happens that someone does something extraordinary, whether for good or for ill, in civil life, the prince should ch oose a method of rewarding or punishing that will be much talked about. And above all, a prince must strive in his every action to give the impression of himself as a great man and one of exceptional intelligence.†(a quote from Machiavelli the prince page 95) Another example of Machiavelli

When Tolstoy Meets Kant - 571 Words

When Tolstoy Meets Kant Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy radiates throughout Leo Tolstoy’s short story â€Å"The Death of Ivan Ilyich.† The story begins with the death of Ivan Ilyich. Rather than morning his death, Ivan’s friends and family look for ways that they can benefit from his death. The narrative proceeds to portray the life of Ivan Ilyich leading up to his death. From a young age, Ivan displayed rather ordinary characteristics. He followed basic norms in an effort to attain a good job and uphold a family. He cozied himself next to people in high positions of power in order to advance his career. Ivan eventually married, not because he loved his wife, but because that is what other people expected of him. The feeling of indifference between him and his wife was eventually mutual. Later, Ivan is struck by a mortal illness. Ivan becomes swallowed by depression and isolation. He recognizes that the people around him are reaping rather than weeping ov er his death, and that the latter is masked by the former. Eventually, Ivan realizes that his life would have been more fruitful if he had had genuine relationships with other people. The thinking of Ivan Ilyich is polluted by a series of commissions and omissions. To begin with the former, Ivan does not value people for their own sake. Rather, he treats them as a means to serve a particular end. Even though he treats people with respect, the respect exhibited is grounded in social expectations. Ivan lacks a senseShow MoreRelatedEssay on Tolstoys Anna Karenina3020 Words   |  13 Pageschapters, where a watchman is accidentally run over by a train at Moscows Petersburg station, to the final, climactic scenes of arbitrary destruction when Levin searches for Kitty in a forest beset by lightning, characters are brought together and forced into action against their will by coincidence and, sometimes, misfortune. That Anna and Vronsky ever meet and begin the fateful affair that become s the centerpiece of the novel is itself a consequence of a long chain of unrelated events: culminating AnnasRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 PagesUniversities of Bologna and Urbino and directing the English Schools in Bologna and Rome. He made his television debut in 1965 as a reporter for Granada Television’s Rome Bureau. Burke’s impressive following in the British Isles dates back t o 1966, when he joined the BBC’s weekly science show, Tomorrow’s World. As the chief BBC correspondent for all Apollo space flights, Burke won critical acclaim for his interpretation of the US space program to an audience of over 12 million people. During thisRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 PagesUniversities of Bologna and Urbino and directing the English Schools in Bologna and Rome. He made his television debut in 1965 as a reporter for Granada Television’s Rome Bureau. Burke’s impressive following in the British Isles dates back t o 1966, when he joined the BBC’s weekly science show, Tomorrow’s World. As the chief BBC correspondent for all Apollo space flights, Burke won critical acclaim for his interpretation of the US space program to an audience of over 12 million people. During this

Amy’s Ice Cream free essay sample

Amy’s Ice Cream, based in Austin, Texas, is a privately held corporation formed in 1984 with 22 family members and friends as shareholders. To achieve success Amy Miller planned her business carefully, incorporated with her patners, and differentiated her product from competition. In Austin, Miller’s nine ice cream shops sell superpremium flavors worth more than $3. 9 million each year. Everything in the stores is designed to provide a memorable and fun experience. Amy Miller, CEO, wants her customer to enjoy their contact with the people in her shops while stopping in for ice cream and to come away with a good sense of community, warmth and humanity. The video describes how Amy Miller first worked at Steve’s Ice Cream while in college. As Amy Miller prepared to open her first store, she quicky to make decisions that would affect the future of the business. She and a partner from Steve’s first had to decide where to locate. We will write a custom essay sample on Amy’s Ice Cream or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They decided on Austin because of the young population and the likelihood that this population would support an eclectic ice cream shop. Then, they had to decide how to structure the initial offering. A decision also had to be made regarding how much money was needed to start the business and how they were going to raise these funds. Choosing the corporate form of ownership was advantageous for several reasons. With this form of ownership, liability is limited to the investors’ personal investement. If the business should fail, investors stand to lose only the money they have invested. In addition, corporations have a legal life separate from their founders and owners. Therefore, corporations can, at least theoretically, go on indefinitely. Shares can be sold and passed on from generation to generation. Corporation also have advantages in raising capital. For example, Amy’s Ice Cream should sell more stock to expand the amount of available funds. The funds could be used to buy more equipment or open more stores. Lenders are also more willing to grant loan to corporation because of their legal status and continuity. There are a few disavantages of corporation ownership. Profits are taxed twice. A corporation must pay taxes on its income and investors must pay taxes on their individual shares of the profit. Under this form, companies such as Amy’s Ice Cream pass their net income on to shareholders who bear the responsibility for taxes. Dividents cover investor’s tax liability. Compared to the sole proprietorship, forming a corporation is relativety expensive. Futhermore, corporation can made it unattractive for other to take them over by adopting financial policies such as paying large dividents to stockholders if the company is bought out. Upon such action, the value of the company would be greatly diminished. As Miller and her team have grown the busines, they have developed innovative ways to attract both customers and new employees. Store theme nights, guerrilla marking promotion for charity, and paper bag job application are just a few of the approaches used at Amy’s. Miller’s skill is allowing the creative employees freedom to put to work their ideas to make the company magical. Miller feels that allowing customers to taste the product, getting a feel for the culture of the company, and seeing the people help to bring customers to the ice cream shop. Amy’s Ice Cream invests the advertising budget in doing in charitable events. Miller believes this work better than direct advertising because it presents a symbolic ralationship to the community at large. Applying for a job is an adventure in creativity, and Miller welcomes employees’ suggestion for new flavor and new promotions to keep sales growing. Miller’s goal of helping people create happy ice cream memories is met everyday. Question: 1. How does Amy’s Ice Cream differ from a publicly held in corporation? . What are some of the particular advantages of corporate ownership for firm such as Amy’s Ice Cream? How well do you think Amy’s is working to ensure its continued survival and success? Looking ahead to future growth, what marketing, financial, or other suggestion would you make? 4. What are some the issues that Amy Miller may have to confront because her 22 investors are family memebers and friends? 5. Should Amy’s Ice Cream become a publicly held corporation? Support your chosen position?

Lehman Brothers Subprime Crisis free essay sample

Introduction The global financial crisis that erupted in September 2008 has thrown economies around the world into a recession. The root cause were sown in the credit boom that peaked in mid-2007, followed by the meltdown of sub-prime mortgages and securitized products. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were both taken over by the government and on September 24, 2008, Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy after failing to find a buyer. The fall of Lehman Brothers rattled the global market and led to a great drop in the United States (U. S. ) stock market the day after the announcement. The sudden failure of Lehman Brothers is widely viewed as a watershed moment in the global financial crisis of 2007 – 2009. With over $639 billion in assets and $613 billion in liabilities, it is one of the largest bankruptcies in the history of U. S. (Mamudi, 2008). Lehman Brothers was founded in 1850 by three cotton brokers in Montgomery, Alabama. The firm moved to New York City after the Civil War and grew into one of Wall Street’s investment giants. We will write a custom essay sample on Lehman Brothers Subprime Crisis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lehman Brothers is a global financial services firm; the fourth largest investment bank in the U. S. Lehman Brothers’ clients is big institutions, not small individuals. It is an innovator in global finance, serving the financial needs of corporations, governments, municipalities, institutional clients and high-net-worth individuals worldwide. Lehman Brothers investment banking operations accounted for just 20 per cent of the company’s 2007 revenue while most of its net revenue comes from fixed income sales and trading; about 40 per cent. Some of the different fixed income investments that Lehman Brothers deals with include derivatives and swaps, mortgage-backed securities and futures (Callan, n. d. ). However, the investment management business still provides the stable earning base because of its fee-based structure. This term paper will further look into the how Lehman Brothers started off as an investment bank began getting entangled to the subprime mortgages and how it led to its bankruptcy. Lessons from the downfall of Lehman Brothers and the causes and consequences of the collapse will be highlighted in this paper. Subprime Mortgage Crisis The subprime mortgage market lends money to people who don’t meet the credit scoring for ordinary mortgages. For example, a FICO score less than 620 will disqualify the applications from loans at the prime rate. Since subprime borrowers mostly have poor credit history or low incomes, there is a greater possibility that the debts won’t be paid. Thus, making subprime mortgages risky for lenders. Therefore, to compensate the added risk, banks and other lenders charge higher interest rates on subprime mortgages. This made subprime lending very lucrative. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have led the mortgage industry in the 1990s promoting home ownership amongst lower income borrowers. The growth of subprime mortgage market can be attributed to a number of factors. The lower interest rates which resulted in home mortgage payments inexpensive led to a large number of demands for houses. Figure 1 show, a prolonged period of low interest rates which led to raise in house prices that was completely abnormal by historical standards. Banks searched for a method to meet the ever-increasing demand for mortgages and hence realized the perceived great profit opportunities in the real estate market. This prompted the innovation and design of new financial instruments and organizations such as securitized mortgage loans – mortgage backed securities (MBS), asset-backed securities (ABS) and collaterized debt obligations (CDOs) (Knutsen, 2011). As real estate prices rose in the early years of this decade and securitization provided more working capital for mortgage, lenders relaxed their underwriting criteria in order to issue more mortgages (Kirk, n. . ). During the refinancing boom from 2001 to 2003, interest rates fell, borrowing demand increased, mortgage lenders expanded their businesses, and new lenders entered the market (Krinsman, 2007). Figure 2 shows the significant increased in subprime lending from 2004 to 2006. With the U. S. housing boom well under way, Lehman Brothers acquired five mortgage lenders; including subprime lender BNC Mortgage. BNC is ranked as one of the nation’s top 100 mortgage lenders and the eighth largest wholesale subprime lender (Mortgage info, 2007). BNC Mortgage, as the subsidiary of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. ecame the biggest underwriter of U. S. bonds backed by mortgages. As securitization of mortgages increased, the investment banks urged the mortgage lending industry to increase their loan volumes. However, on August 22, 2007, Lehman Brothers decided to close down its subprime-lending unit; BNC Mortgage, causing about 1,200 employees to lose their jobs (Onaran, 2007). Figure 2: The downfall of Lehman Brothers Until 2007, Lehman Brothers has generated a significant portion of its revenue through the issuance of mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. Lehman Brothers had grown increasingly reliant on its fixed income trading and underwriting division which served as the primary engine for its strong growth throughout the first half of the decade as shown in Exhibit 1 (Stowell, 2010). When the collapse of the U. S. subprime mortgage industry started, it result in credit crisis and the mortgage default rates began to rise and the demand for these securities began to disappear. Lehman Brothers was left with billions of dollars of rapidly depreciating securities on its balance sheet, forcing it to take large write downs and write-offs (Callan, n. d). As the credit crisis reupted in August 2007 with the failure of two Bear Stearns hedge funds due to a lack of confidence in its subprime mortgage holdings, Lehman Brothers’ stock fell sharply. As Lehman Brothers is one of the major players in the subprime lending, it faced a huge difficulty when the housing bubble burst. Lehman Brothers underwrote a huge amount of MBSs, accumulating an $85 billion portfolio, four times its shareholders equity (Investopedia, 2011). House prices began to decline while short-term interest rates rose and borrowers found themselves unable to pay higher monthly payments by refinancing began to default. The decline in mortgage payments also reduces the value of mortgage-backed securities which erodes the net worth and financial health of banks. Lehman Brothers suffered huge losses accrued in lower-rated mortgage-backed securities throughout 2008 (Anderson Dash, 2008). Another cause of the downfall could be due to the extremely high level of leverage and short-term debt financing. Lehman Brothers significantly increased its leverage over the same timeframe, going from a debt-to-equity ratio of 23. 7 times in 2003 to 35. times in 2007 as shown in Figure 3 (Stowell, 2010). While commercial banks are regulated and cannot leverage their equity more than 15 to 1, Lehman Brothers had a leverage of more than 30 to 1. So, as the leverage increased, the ongoing erosion of the mortgage-backed security industry began to impact Lehman Brothers greatly. In turn, the instability created by the leverage problem was aggravated by Lehman Brothers’ large use of short-term debt which financed m ore than 50 per cent of the asset shown in Figure 4 (Zingales, 2008). After the beginning of the crisis, Lehman Brothers tried to reduce its leverage and reduce its reliance on short-term debt, but it was a little too late. Lehman Brothers, the 158-year-old investment bank finally announced the largest Chapter 11 filing in U. S. history, listing assets of $639 billion and liabilities of $768 billion in September 2008. However, before the filing of Chapter 11, Lehman Brothers was said to be using an â€Å"accounting gimmick† to make it appear as if it had off-loaded risky assets and reduced its balance sheet during the height of the financial crisis. This gimmick is known as a â€Å"Repo 105†. This allows Lehman Brothers to use the booking of repurchase agreements as sales rather than temporary transactions (Evanson, 2010). Exhibit 1:   Lehman Brothers’ Financial Performance Since 1999 Source: Stowell (2010) Figure 3: Increase in leverage among investment banks Figure 4: Lehman Brothers Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity Source: Lehman Annual Report Consequences and Lessons Lehman Brothers’ global footprint meant that thousands of financial market participants were directly impacted by its collapse. Numerous aftershocks were felt throughout the world resulting from numerous cross-border and cross-entity interdependencies. Lehman Brothers’ insolvency has resulted in more than 75 separate and distinct bankruptcy proceedings (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009). Lehman Brothers’ collapse has forced the market to reassess risk. There are many lessons learnt from the collapse of Lehman Brothers is the internal management structure of the company. Advice from Darryl Steinberg, the managing director and senior tax counsel to Lehman Brothers is for in-house tax professionals to be involved with the firm’s business managers from the outset. He said â€Å"Assisting with the firms organisation and structural planning and providing tax-sensitive input in establishing best business practices at the same time as the creation of those business operations is imperative in the highly regulated business world of today† (Snowdon, Steinberg, ; Lippman, 2009). Global rating agencies were widely condemned as being asleep on the job or being compromised by a system where their revenue derived from the very firms they were assessing. Closer supervision was called by the European Commission to ensue the publication of high quality credit ratings in the future (Allen, 2009). Finally, from this event, all banks should learn that nothing can be taken for granted. When there is signal of warning that the company might be in financial danger, the bank must take heed. References Allen, C. (2009). Lesson learned: one year after Lehman. Global Investor, 15 – 19. Anderson, J. ; Dash, E. (2008, August 28). For Lehman, more cuts and anxiety. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2008/08/29/business/29wall. html? em Evanson, D. (2010, April 12). Lessons from the collapse of Lehman Brothers. TheStar Online. Retrieved from http://biz. thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? ile=/2010/4/12/business/6017192;sec=business Investopedia. (2011). Case study: the collapse of Lehman Brothers. Retrieved May 4, 2011, from http://www. investopedia. com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse. asp Kirk, E. (n. d. ). The â€Å"subprime mortgage crisis†: An overview of the crisis and potential exposure. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from www. rli-epg. com/articles/Subprime-Mortgage-Crisis. pdf Knutsen, S. (2011). Why did â€Å"it† happen again? The American subprime crisis compared with the Norwegian banking crisis 1987-92. Past, present and policy: 4th International Conference. Retrieved from www. epr. org/meets/wkcn/1/1730/papers/KnutsenFinal. pdf Krinsman, A. (2007). Subprime mortgage meltdown: How did it happen and how will it end? The Journal of Structured Finance, 13(2), 1 – 9. Mamudi, S. (2008, September 15). Lehman folds with record $613 billion debt. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www. marketwatch. com/story/lehman-folds-with-record-613-billion-debt? siteid=rss Mortgage Info. (2007). BNC Mortgage Inc. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from http://www. mortgage-info. us/lender_bnc_mortgage. htm Onaran, Y. (2007, August 22). Lehman Brothers shuts down subprime unit, fires 1,200. Bloomberg. Retrieved from http://www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=newsarchive;sid=a87FPr78qX9w mp;amp;refer=news Snowdon, C. , Steinberg, D. , ; Lippman, M. (2009). Managing the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers. International Tax Review, (49), 3 – 6. Stowell, D. (2010). Investment banking in 2008 (B): A brave new world. An Introduction to Investment Banks, Hedge Funds, and Private Equity, 403 – 417. Zingales, L. (2008). Causes and effects of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy. Retrieved from http://www. scribd. com/doc/11096014/Causes-and-Effects-of-the-Lehman-Brothers-Bankruptcy

Free Essays on The Good Earth

The Good Earth, written by Pearl S. Buck, shows a real, but fictitious account of a Chinese peasant’s rise from the depths of the poor to become one of the most powerful men in the entire province. The story follows Wang Lung from his early adult days to his final days on his deathbed. The novel goes from showing Wang Lung’s family begging for money on the curb to survive to each member in the household being able to have their own personal slave. It is captivating tale and has a lot to offer to a westerner to find out about the Chinese way of life. The purpose of the novel is to show the different types of relationships that the Chinese have and their values to a westerner that may read the book. China has always been a very confined country that has kept to itself and blocked out the outside world. The Chinese, especially of yesteryear, do not have much contact with foreign influences. This has created a large problem with the outside world, especially the western world, as to the misunderstanding of why the Chinese do the things they do. Not only that, but also to inform the reader of the Chinese relationships and cultural views of these relationships that develop. The author tries to argue, through her writing, that although the Chinese relationships and hierarchical dominance system may not be normal, or even moral, to a western world reader their actions are accepted in their society. Pearl S. Buck does not draw these relationships for the reader to pass judgement on, but rather to understand why the Chinese do as they do . Pearl S. Buck shows these relationships in three major themes. The most significant relationship is the one of Wang Lung and his land. The second most major one that is developed was the relationship of Wang Lung and the females that are in his life (O-lan, his wife, and Lotus Flower, his concubine). The last relationship is more on a social scale. It seems that the opinion of how others perceive him is ... Free Essays on The Good Earth Free Essays on The Good Earth The Good Earth, written by Pearl S. Buck, shows a real, but fictitious account of a Chinese peasant’s rise from the depths of the poor to become one of the most powerful men in the entire province. The story follows Wang Lung from his early adult days to his final days on his deathbed. The novel goes from showing Wang Lung’s family begging for money on the curb to survive to each member in the household being able to have their own personal slave. It is captivating tale and has a lot to offer to a westerner to find out about the Chinese way of life. The purpose of the novel is to show the different types of relationships that the Chinese have and their values to a westerner that may read the book. China has always been a very confined country that has kept to itself and blocked out the outside world. The Chinese, especially of yesteryear, do not have much contact with foreign influences. This has created a large problem with the outside world, especially the western world, as to the misunderstanding of why the Chinese do the things they do. Not only that, but also to inform the reader of the Chinese relationships and cultural views of these relationships that develop. The author tries to argue, through her writing, that although the Chinese relationships and hierarchical dominance system may not be normal, or even moral, to a western world reader their actions are accepted in their society. Pearl S. Buck does not draw these relationships for the reader to pass judgement on, but rather to understand why the Chinese do as they do . Pearl S. Buck shows these relationships in three major themes. The most significant relationship is the one of Wang Lung and his land. The second most major one that is developed was the relationship of Wang Lung and the females that are in his life (O-lan, his wife, and Lotus Flower, his concubine). The last relationship is more on a social scale. It seems that the opinion of how others perceive him is ...

Habits and Traits of Beetles, Order Coleoptera

Habits and Traits of Beetles, Order Coleoptera Coleoptera means â€Å"sheath wings,† a reference to the hardened forewings which cover the insect’s body. Most people can easily recognize members of this order – the beetles. Beetles comprise nearly a quarter of all the described species on Earth. Over 350,000 species are known worldwide. The order is subdivided into four suborders, two of which are rarely observed. The suborder Adephaga includes ground beetles, tiger beetles, predacious diving beetles, and whirligigs. Water pennies, carrion beetles, fireflies, and the beloved lady beetles are all members of the larger suborder Polyphaga. Description Beetles have hardened forewings, called elytra, which protect the delicate hindwings folded beneath them. The elytra are held against the abdomen at rest, meeting in a straight line down the middle of the back. This symmetry characterizes most members of the order Coleoptera. In flight, a beetle holds the elytra out for balance and uses its membranous hindwings for movement. Beetles feeding habits are widely varied, but all have mouthparts adapted for chewing. Many beetles are herbivores, feeding on plants. The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, causes heavy damage in gardens and landscapes, leaving skeletonized leaves on the plants it devours. Bark beetles and borers can do considerable damage to mature trees. Predatory beetles attack other invertebrates in the soil or vegetation. Parasitic beetles may live on other insects or even mammals. A few beetles scavenge decaying organic matter or carrion. Dung beetles use manure as food and to shelter developing eggs. Habitat and Distribution Beetles are found worldwide, in virtually all terrestrial and aquatic habitats on Earth. Major Families and Superfamilies in the Order Carabidae – ground beetlesDytiscidae – predacious diving beetlesScarabaeidae – scarab beetlesElateroidea – fireflies and click beetlesCoccinellidae – lady beetlesTenebrionoidea – blister beetles and darkling beetles Families and Genera of Interest Bombardier beetles, genus Brachinus, spray hot quinines when threatened, with visible puffs of smoke.Cotalpa lanigera, the goldsmith beetle, starred in a short story by Edgar Allen Poe, The Gold Bug.Glowworms (family Phengodidae) are not worms at all - theyre beetles! Mature females retain their larval form, and glow between their body segments, appearing like a glowing worm.The invasion of the Asian Long-horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, caused the preemptive removal of thousands of trees in New York and New Jersey. The beetle was introduced from Asia in 1996, arriving in wooden crates and pallets. Sources: Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, Stephen A. MarshallKaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, Eric R. Eaton, and Kenn KaufmanGarden Insects of North America, Whitney Cranshaw

A cultural experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A cultural experience - Essay Example The Geography of China focuses on not only the position of China but also the enormous human source it has in the world. Located in South East Asia it is the third largest country in the world with 6.5% of land area and second largest in population. China has one more self importance in the world of history that is has the oldest civilization background tracing back to 3500 years. It is a mountainous country. Mountains and hills occupy 65% of the total area of China’s Landscape. China has lot of rivers and lakes Yangtze and The Yellow River are the most famous in the world. Nearly 95%of the population dwells in the North and South regions of China. The highest population count is in fact a strong supporting feature of China. The unity among the people had been a supreme cause in the development of China. Religion too has a great significance in China. Buddhism, though came from India initially, took its massive support only from China. As a result artistic and admirable monuments were built in order to set a strong belief in the Buddhist thought. Religion is cooperated with large family organizations. Either the father or husband takes care of the family. Children live with their parents till they get married. After getting married they will be shifted to a separate apartment. Coming to the food culture of China, they give importance to nutritional values. Colors seem to play an important role in the daily intake of China. Chinese associate colors with the main organs of the human body. Color, flavor, and smell have their equal partake and contribution in their food habits. They combine two to three colored ingredients such as green, light green, dark green, red, yellow, white etc added with sauces and cook. The Chinese had a strong traditional belief that type of food has medicinal values in it. A theory called â€Å"harmonization of foods† by Yi Yin reflects on the link between the five flavors and major organs of human body. They are sweet,

Refute paper Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Refute paper - Article Example It bears emphasis that the title of the piece as well as the timing in which it has come to light is of key importance to the understanding and analysis of the motives behind it. For those that are unfamiliar, Michelle Malkin is a conservative pundit that represents the extreme far right of the Republican Party. As an Asian American woman, she seeks to give a distinct ethnic flavor to a party that has previously been viewed as male, pale, and Yale. As a partisan critic, Malkin makes her money on being a polemic. Regardless of the virtue of the Democratic stance on a particular issue or the honest nature in which the current president makes a decision, Malkin’s readership have come to expect negativity on such topics as this is what helps her to pay the bills and provides such a rabid fan base as she enjoys among extreme elements of the conservative right in the United States. With this in mind, Malkin’s article begins with a snarky headline and image that depicts Presid ent Obama in the attire of the grim reaper. Furthermore, the headline makes a strong allusion to the flap that had earlier enraptured extreme elements of the conservative party regarding Obama’s religious nature. The article is entitled â€Å"Obama’s Layoff Bomb†. ... e will be an imminent layoff bubble which will burst very soon after the election (not surprisingly especially if Barak Obama were to be elected for a second term). Although the article itself expresses the claim of objectivity in the research, it is clear from even a cursory review that no such objectivity is included. Malkin’s rubric centers around the following flawed perceptions of the economy, BLS information, and the strong/innate belief that the Democratic party and liberalism specifically is responsible for nearly all of the ills of current society (Malkin 1). Firstly, with respect to Malkin’s use of BLS data to prove a point, the unfortunate fact of the matter is that the economy of the United States has been and a marked improvement since the second quarter of 2008 in nearly every imaginable financial metric and indicator. This has been proven by increase in new home sales, low inflation rates, the positive affects that QE1,2 have had on economic growth, and t he general decrease in unemployment figures. Although the economy is still decidedly weak, it is shortsighted and narrow-minded to offer up a view that merely because a slight decrease over the past month in the number of job cuts in firms precipitates a coming avalanche of job cuts if/when Barak Obama is re-elected to the office of President of the United States. Furthermore, such an approach does not factor in the cyclical nature of the employment sector within the United States economy. Although figures rise and fall on a host of global, domestic, and regional factors, there remain significant and measurable trends with relation to overall employment and layoff statistics that transcend the presidential election. Although this is no doubt a factor to a certain subset of employers, who wins the

Erik Eriksons 8 Stages of Man Essay Example for Free

Erik Eriksons 8 Stages of Man Essay 1. Trust vs. Mistrust- This mother displays affection, and adequate care giving to her child. By providing a child with this throughout their first year of life, you show that they can depend on you. This forms a bond of trust between mother and infant, rather than mistrust. 2. Autonomy vs. Doubt- This child is three years old; he has progressed from diapers to the adult sized toilet. After going to the bathroom, he knows he must wash his hands. His mother sees that he wants to do it himself, but is slightly frustrated that he is not tall enough. This mother could just pick him up and assist him, making him feel like he couldn’t do it. She buys him a small step stool, and supervises him washing his hands also providing positive reinforcement. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt- This set of parents notice that their five year old boy greatly enjoys wrestling with his older brothers. They sign him up for karate lessons so he can enjoy himself, but do it in a safe way. 4. Industry vs. Inferiority- A mother is sewing inside her living room. The mother tells her ten year old daughter she is making a scarf. The phone rings, and the mother answers and leaves the room. Her daughter, wanting to be just like mommy, cut up the curtains to make her mother a dress. Her mother re-enters the room, smiling and thanking her daughter for picking such a pretty fabric for her dress. The mother continued to help her make the dress. 5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion- This seventeen year old girl has had a very good life. Her parents have always been supportive in everything she has done. Now that she has reached her adolescence, she believes she might know who she is. Throughout her life, she has taken dance lesson, art class, done musical theatre, painting, singing lessons and many other things in the artistic field. She feels her true passion in life is for art and painting, and she may want to pursue a career in that field. 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation- Now that this woman has reached adulthood, she wants to begin searching for a lifetime partner. She meets a nice man in the mall, though he doesn’t call her for two weeks she doesn’t get discouraged. They go on many dates, become a couple and eventually after two years of dating decide to get married. 7. Generatively vs. Stagnation- After getting married, a man and a woman discuss what they plan to do with their lives. They decide he will continue working, and they want to have a child. She does not want to stay at home forever though, so they agreed that when the time is right she would get a part time job. 8. Integrity vs. Despair- A man is in his late sixties, and gets called an â€Å"old man† for the first time. He realizes that he wasted his whole life working and not enjoying himself, he wants to feel young again. He sells his house in New York and moves to Florida. He finds himself a young girlfriend, and parties like he’s in his twenties again.

The Relationship between the People and the Land in Willa Cathers O Pi

The Relationship between the People and the Land in Willa Cather's O Pioneers       'For the first time, perhaps, since that land emerged from the waters of the geologic ages, a human face was set toward it with love and yearning' This quotation cuts straight to the heart of Willa Cather's whole argument throughout O Pioneers!, which is that it is Alexandra Bergson's will to survive and continually adapt which makes her successful -the facts that her neighbours are unwilling to take up new ideas and technologies, they are unwilling to gamble, and, worse, unwilling to listen to those whose relationship with the landscape is harmonious and respectful (such as that of Ivar), mark them down as part of the legacy of ignorant, unadventurous past. Alexandra is not content with a position such as Ivar's, though; she does not seek to subsume herself into nature, but to respectfully co-exist with it until she can in a greater development tame it. Whereas Ivar merely wishes to leave no mark, she has more controversial ideas. It is this which marks her out as something special; she was born with the fiery imagination of the true pioneer, born to prosper in "the struggle in which [she] was destined to succeed w hile so many men broke their hearts and died" (page 46). If she is so destined to succeed, she must similary be destined to make her mark on society of the time, on its established traditions, and sweep them aside in order for a brighter world vision to take their place.    There is overwhelming evidence presented by Cather for the inability of American society to coexist harmoniously with the individualist immigrant; they can accept only those who are willing to subscribe to the conformist doctrine ... ...ndra's face "there was that exalted serenity that sometimes came to her at moments of deep feeling." (page 170) She has 'clear eyes' (same page), with the inference being that she sees clearly now above all other times of realisation. It follows from her life and story that the land is a metaphor for nature, which is intrinsically bound up in the experience of human life.    BIBLIOGRAPHY: O Pioneers, Willa Cather, Oxford University Press, 1999. The Landscape and the Looking Glass: Willa Cather's Search for Value, John H. Randall III, Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1960. FOOTNOTES: All quotes taken from the set text unless otherwise noted. 1. Back cover copy of O Pioneers! 2. Randall, page 68 3. Randall, page 291 4. Randall, page 20 5. Randall, page 72 6. Randall, page 67    The Relationship between the People and the Land in Willa Cather's O Pi The Relationship between the People and the Land in Willa Cather's O Pioneers       'For the first time, perhaps, since that land emerged from the waters of the geologic ages, a human face was set toward it with love and yearning' This quotation cuts straight to the heart of Willa Cather's whole argument throughout O Pioneers!, which is that it is Alexandra Bergson's will to survive and continually adapt which makes her successful -the facts that her neighbours are unwilling to take up new ideas and technologies, they are unwilling to gamble, and, worse, unwilling to listen to those whose relationship with the landscape is harmonious and respectful (such as that of Ivar), mark them down as part of the legacy of ignorant, unadventurous past. Alexandra is not content with a position such as Ivar's, though; she does not seek to subsume herself into nature, but to respectfully co-exist with it until she can in a greater development tame it. Whereas Ivar merely wishes to leave no mark, she has more controversial ideas. It is this which marks her out as something special; she was born with the fiery imagination of the true pioneer, born to prosper in "the struggle in which [she] was destined to succeed w hile so many men broke their hearts and died" (page 46). If she is so destined to succeed, she must similary be destined to make her mark on society of the time, on its established traditions, and sweep them aside in order for a brighter world vision to take their place.    There is overwhelming evidence presented by Cather for the inability of American society to coexist harmoniously with the individualist immigrant; they can accept only those who are willing to subscribe to the conformist doctrine ... ...ndra's face "there was that exalted serenity that sometimes came to her at moments of deep feeling." (page 170) She has 'clear eyes' (same page), with the inference being that she sees clearly now above all other times of realisation. It follows from her life and story that the land is a metaphor for nature, which is intrinsically bound up in the experience of human life.    BIBLIOGRAPHY: O Pioneers, Willa Cather, Oxford University Press, 1999. The Landscape and the Looking Glass: Willa Cather's Search for Value, John H. Randall III, Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1960. FOOTNOTES: All quotes taken from the set text unless otherwise noted. 1. Back cover copy of O Pioneers! 2. Randall, page 68 3. Randall, page 291 4. Randall, page 20 5. Randall, page 72 6. Randall, page 67   

Expectations For Boys and Girls

Expectations for boys and girls are extremely high in today’s society. A lot of people feel pressure in today’s society and so much so that some people feel the need to take their own lives. Some people are able to rise above societies expectations, but that is incredibly hard to do and not everybody is strong enough to overcome that. The pressures of society follow everyone everywhere and different people must handle it in different ways. Expectations for girls are a lot higher and a lot more pressured than expectations for boys.Girls are expected to be pretty and nice and clean, but that is not always the case with every girl. They are expected to cook and clean as stated in Barbie Doll. â€Å"The girlchild was born as usual and presented dolls that did pee-pee and miniature GE stoves and irons. † This really shows that girls are pressured into this kind of life from an early age. After she hits puberty, expectations start to change, especially with her peers. â€Å"Then in the magic of puberty, a classmate said: you have a great big nose and fat legs.† Within her own peer group she is being mocked and put down until she can’t take it anymore. â€Å"In the casket displayed on satin she lay. † Only then did the people in her life comment on how she was pretty, but it was too late for her. In the other poem, Good Girl, girls are expected to hold up the world. â€Å"Hold up the universe, good girl. † She also gets compared to Atlas, the Greek God who holds the world on his shoulders. â€Å"Sever yourself, poor false Atlas. † Unfortunately, this is true because some women have to cook and clean the house for her family.â€Å"You are the universe about its pole. God’s not fair. † Some women even have to work for their families also and it is true that some women hold the world on their shoulders. Expectations for boys however are much different. In the poem, Dylan, a mother talks about how her y oung son doesn’t have a worry in the world and is so happy. â€Å"On Monday he was Spiderman. All it took was red P. J’s, gluey palms and two spools of thread. † She then goes on to talk about how she wishes she could bottle up that happiness, â€Å"It seems if I could stash just one of these get-ups and the way your heart soars.† The mother than says, â€Å"Little boy, you could don it the morning some girl wrecks you. † She wants to give him his happiness when he is sad so he can immediately be happy again. This speaks to the expectations of boys in society because they are expected to never be sad but in truth, there will always be times when one is sad. In the other poem, Rites of Passage, the little boys at the party feel the need to compare themselves to one another to see who the alpha male is.â€Å"One says to the other How old are you? Six. I’m seven. So? † Boys are expected to be rough and tough and must appear that way espe cially to other boys. â€Å"I could beat you up, a seven says to a six. † Boys are not allowed to show their sensitive side and if they do then they will be ridiculed. Later in the poem the host of the party, speaks to the group as a whole, â€Å"We could easily kill a two-year-old. † And all was well between the boys again, because they all found a common interest.

Broken Families and Social Problems: Effects and Coping styles Essay

Review of Literature The following paragraphs present the different ways of how teenagers in a broken family cope with their problems. It is first summarized after the divorce of the child’s parent followed by its effect on the child until it reaches its youth days. After the Divorce of the Child’s parents According to Green (2014), after divorce, children of all ages may experience deficits in emotional development and may seem tearful or depressed, and that can last several years after a child’s parents’ have separated. Some older children may show very little emotional reaction to their parents’ because they are actually bottling up their negative feelings inside. This emotional suppression makes it difficult for parents, teachers and therapists to help the process her feelings in developmentally appropriate ways. In school most of the children with broken families end up having poor academic and change of lifestyles. This poor academic progress can stem from a number of factors, including instability in the home environment, inadequate financial resources and inconsistent routines. Divorce affects children’s social relationships for several ways. Some children act out their distress about their broken family by acting aggressive and by engaging in bullying behaviour, some may experience anxiety and can make it difficult for them to join co-curricular activities, and develop a cynical attitude towards relationship, harbour feelings of mistrust towards both parents and potential romantic partners. At home their lifestyle will change, more chores, heavier responsibilities, and the older sibling may have to act a parental-type role when interacting with younger siblings. Children of divorce tend to fall in their academics and in their social life. Children are already affected when the divorce is on the process, not before. Effects on the child to its youth days Children are most likely to move or change school after divorce and can’t catch up with making friends and their academics. Most of the children who don’t know how to cope with their situation ended up having low self-esteem, anxiety, and trust issue. (Mann, 2011) And there is a higher suicide rate for children of divorce than for children of normal families. There is no  correlation found between the death of a parent and suicide of a child. The suicide seems to be triggered by being rejected by a parent. (Larson, 1990) In general, children of divorce feel emotionally unsafe as a child. Most of them don’t feel any attention and are 6 times more likely to feel alone as a child. When in need of comfort they do not go to their parents. (Marquardt, 2005), they are mostly unhappy, behave impulsive and irritable. They are socially withdrawn and as a result, they feel lonelier, insecure, anxious, and are less obedient to their divorced parents. (Wallerstein, 1991) The so called â€Å"sleeper effect† kicks in on children of divorce on a later age. Most Young boys tend to express their emotions and frustrations freely. Their emotions fade out. Young girls however, keep their emotions internally more often. They do not deal with them. Their emotions stay within and they surface when they mature. Usually, this occurs in a period in which they make essential decisions for their lives for many years to come. They are unconsciously influenced by the anxiety and fear resulting from the divorce of their parents long ago. (Wallerstein & Blakeslee, n.d.) If children are confused with different things going on in the family or at school and they have feelings of frustration, more disagreements may occur. Behaviour problems tend to increase for boys when a step-father is introduced to the family (Muzi, 2000). It is said that half of the world’s community is plagued by broken families and crime. Over the past few decades, marriage has become less important and that is the cause of the problem. Better parenting and stronger families is the key to mending the broken society. (Problem of the Broken Family, 2014) In single family homes, children develop greater autonomy where they tend to spend more time alone or with peers. It was found that sons are more likely to resist directives and rules, where as daughters typically have a closer relationship to their mother (Freeman, 2002). However, if mothers inappropriately discuss financial matters with their children or express a negative feeling toward their ex-spouse, it can decrease the desire for the child to spend time with the parent due to increase confusion about the whole situation (Bigner, 2002). Adjusting issues that children may have include academic problems, internalizing and externalizing problems, low self esteem, and early engagement in sexual activities (Anderson 1999) Current Situation It is said that half of the world’s community is plagued by broken families and crime. Over the past few decades, marriage has become less important and that is the cause of the problem. Better parenting and stronger families is the key to mending the broken society. (Problem of the Broken Family, 2014) Families are the core of society. When families fall apart, society falls into social and cultural decline. Ultimately the breakdown of the world’s family is at the root of nearly every other social problem and pathology. Most children grew up in intact, two-parent families. Today, children who do so are a minority. Illegitimacy, divorce, and other lifestyle choices have radically changed almost every family, and thus have changed the social landscape. â€Å"There is a mountain of scientific evidence showing that when families disintegrate, children often end up with intellectual, physical and emotional scars that persist for life.† He continues, â€Å"We talk about the drug crisis, the education crisis, and the problem of teen pregnancy and juvenile crime. But all these ills trace back predominantly to one source: broken families. (Zinsmeister, n.d.) Broken homes and broken hearts are not only the reason for so many social problems. They are also the reason for the incumbent economic difficulties we face as a culture. The moral foundation of society erodes as children learn the savage values of the street rather than the civilized values of culture. And government inevitably expands to intervene in family and social crises brought about by the breakdown of the family. Sociologist Daniel Yankelovich puts it this way: people suspect that the nation’s economic difficulties are rooted not in technical economic forces (for example, exchange rates or capital formation) but in fundamental moral causes. There exists a deeply intuitive sense that the success of a market-based economy depends on a highly developed social morality–trustworthiness, honesty, concern for future generations, an ethic of service to others, a humane society that takes care of those in need, frugality instead of greed, high standards of quality and concern for community. These economically desirable social values, in turn, are seen as rooted in family values. Thus the link in public thinking between a healthy family and a robust economy, though indirect, is clear and firm. (Anderson, 1994) Statement of the Problem This research seeks to gather information on how high school students with  broken families cope with their problems. Specifically, the following questions are asked: 1. How high school students are socially affected with broken families in Zamboanga city. 2. How do they cope with their â€Å"broken family† situation? References Bigner, J. (2002). Parent-Child Relations: An Intoduction to Parenting. (6th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall. Freeman, H. S. Family transitions during the adolescent transition: implications for parenting. Adolescence. Fall 2002. Retrieved September 27, 2004 online via www.findarticles.com. Muzi, M. J. (2000). The experience of Parenting. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Wallerstein, Judith S. (1991). The long-term effects of divorce on children: A review. Journal of the Ameri ­ can Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychia ­ try, 30(3), 349-360.

Free Essays on Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson Two Irish folk named Andrew and Elizabeth Jackson came to America in 1867, settling in the Waxhaw area of the North/South Carolina border. Elizabeth wouldn’t know that her child would bring fame, fortune, and great leadership to America. On March 15, 1867, their son was born; Andrew â€Å"Old Hickory† Jackson. Andrew Sr. died and left Elizabeth a widow with three young boys in poverty. As Andrew grew up, his two brothers joined the militia where they died of disease as well did his mother. He was orphaned at the age of fourteen and gradually picked up bad habits like drinking, gambling, fighting, etc. Throughout all of his traumatic past, there seemed like there was no hope until he reached the age of seventeen. Andrew went into studying law with a North Carolina lawyer and migrated west to Nashville. After Andrew moved, he became a public prosecutor and married Rachel Donelson, a wealthy family member. Andrew afterwards acquired land and slaves. He was elected to congress in 1796 after Tennessee departed from North Carolina and became the union’s sixteenth state. The following year the legislature elected Andrew as a U.S. senator which he held for only one session before resigning. After he resigned, he went back home and served as a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court for six years. Jackson’s military career began in the Revolution. In 1802, he was elected major general of the Tennessee militia. Ten years later, he was elected major general of the U.S. forces by Wille Blount, the Tennessee governor. In 1814, Jackson suffered numerous detrimental campaigns against the Native Americans in the Creek War and was promoted to major general in the regular army. The Creek War began on August 30 of 1813 by the slaying of 250 Alabama settlers in a brutal onslaught by an Indian tribe called the Red Sticks. As a result of the attack, Jackson and 2500 manned forces were deployed to stop and punish the Indians. Jackson ... Free Essays on Andrew Jackson Free Essays on Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson EARLY LIFE Andrew Jackson was born to poor Irish immigrants on March 15, 1767, near Camden, South Carolina. His parents, Andrew and Elizabeth, and two older brothers, Hugh and Robert, had emigrated from northern Ireland in 1765. Jackson was named after his father who had died shortly before he was born and he spent his early life in the Waxhaw settlement located near the North and South Carolina border. His mother had hopes of him becoming a Presbyterian minister, but young Jackson’s pranks, cursing, and fighting quickly erased those hopes. From 1778 to 1781, the American Revolutionary War had a devastating impact on Jackson’s life. When he was thirteen, Jackson and his brothers joined the patriotic cause to fight the British. His oldest brother Hugh died of heat stroke following the Battle of Stono Ferry in 1779. In 1781, Jackson and his brother Robert were captured and both contracted smallpox in prison. Jackson’s mother arranged for their release in a prisoner exchange. Although Jackson eventually recovered, his brother died of smallpox. Jackson and his mother traveled to Charleston to aid in the war effort and she contracted cholera and died. By war’s end, Jackson was an orphan. He resided with members of his mother’s family, but soon went to Charleston and worked as a school teacher for a short period of time. Jackson was known for his fierytemper, fearlessness, playful personality, and daring spirit. At age seventeen, he moved to Salisbury, North Carolina, where he studied law. In 1787, after three years of studying, Jackson received his license to practice law in North Carolina. To supplement his income, he also worked in small-town general stores. While living in North Carolina, Jackson gained a reputation for being charismatic, wild, and ambitious. He loved to dance, entertain, gamble, and spent much of his free time with friends in taverns. Soon after... Free Essays on Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson Two Irish folk named Andrew and Elizabeth Jackson came to America in 1867, settling in the Waxhaw area of the North/South Carolina border. Elizabeth wouldn’t know that her child would bring fame, fortune, and great leadership to America. On March 15, 1867, their son was born; Andrew â€Å"Old Hickory† Jackson. Andrew Sr. died and left Elizabeth a widow with three young boys in poverty. As Andrew grew up, his two brothers joined the militia where they died of disease as well did his mother. He was orphaned at the age of fourteen and gradually picked up bad habits like drinking, gambling, fighting, etc. Throughout all of his traumatic past, there seemed like there was no hope until he reached the age of seventeen. Andrew went into studying law with a North Carolina lawyer and migrated west to Nashville. After Andrew moved, he became a public prosecutor and married Rachel Donelson, a wealthy family member. Andrew afterwards acquired land and slaves. He was elected to congress in 1796 after Tennessee departed from North Carolina and became the union’s sixteenth state. The following year the legislature elected Andrew as a U.S. senator which he held for only one session before resigning. After he resigned, he went back home and served as a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court for six years. Jackson’s military career began in the Revolution. In 1802, he was elected major general of the Tennessee militia. Ten years later, he was elected major general of the U.S. forces by Wille Blount, the Tennessee governor. In 1814, Jackson suffered numerous detrimental campaigns against the Native Americans in the Creek War and was promoted to major general in the regular army. The Creek War began on August 30 of 1813 by the slaying of 250 Alabama settlers in a brutal onslaught by an Indian tribe called the Red Sticks. As a result of the attack, Jackson and 2500 manned forces were deployed to stop and punish the Indians. Jackson ... Free Essays on Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson became the nation’s seventh president in 1829. He made significant changes in American politics at that time. He was very popular with the people because of the fact that he was a hero of the War of 1812. He had also served in the senate and was a tough man who had manifested the spirit of the frontier. One change Jackson brought about was the steadily increasing power of the west. He happened to be the first president to come from the west of the Appalachians. Jackson was also the start of a new era of democracy in American politics. He didn’t belong to a party but rather had much popular support. Jackson supporters were poor and relatively new voters. Unlike other races (besides that of 1824) all white men were allowed to vote rather than just white male property owners. The election of Jackson in 1828 tripled the votes cast from 356,000 in 1824 to 1.1 million in 1828. Most of those new voters gave their votes to the man of the people, Jackson. The power of the voters was evident. Jackson had won 178 electoral votes to Adam’s 83. The election also stirred another change; the revival of the two-party system. This race gave voters a choice between two candidates with sharply differing views. An opposition party had arisen and with it came many conflicts but the new party would also strengthen the democratic process by stirring debates on key issues and giving two different views on matters. Many newly elected officials elected to office used a practice called patronage. Jackson made the practice official by dismissing more than 200 presidential employees and about 2,000 other officeholders. They were replaced with 2,000 Jacksonian Democrats. The term spoils system was soon derived for the patronage system under Jackson. The spoils or pillage (jobs of previous appointees and officeholders) were taken from a defeated enemy. Jackson stated, in defense of the spoils system that any intellige...

Online Public Schools for Pennsylvania Students

Online Public Schools for Pennsylvania Students Students residing in Pennsylvania can  take online public school courses for free. Schools included in this article met the following qualifications: they have classes available completely online, they offer services to state residents, and they are government-funded. Presented here is a list of some no-cost online schools serving elementary and high school students in Pennsylvania as of May 2017.   21st Century Cyber Charter School Pennsylvania students in grades 6 to 12 can attend 21CCCS, which provides a rigorous and personalized curriculum, highly qualified instructional staff and a supportive educational community. Using PSSA scores, Keystone Exam scores, PSAT participation, SAT scores and other academic performance measures, 21CCCS regularly outperforms other Pennsylvania cyber schools. 21CCCS holds the highest score of any cyber charter  on the College Ready Benchmark, which includes the SAT and ACT scores of 12th-grade students. 21CCCS has also been ranked in the top 5 to 10 percent of high schools in Pennsylvania for SAT scores. The school provides students with a flexible, individualized learning environment. Asynchronous learning offers students 24/7 course access and a 56-hour-per-week window where they can work one on one with PA certified, highly qualified teachers. Agora Cyber Charter School Agora Cyber Charter School’s mission and commitment are to provide an â€Å"innovative, intense academic program that inspires and educates students to achieve the highest levels of academic knowledge and skills and develop proficiency in the design and use of new computer technologies and scientific research.† The school partners with families and the community to ensure that every student’s Individualized Learning Plan is not only met but exceeded. Agora Cyber Charter School’s nine core values, which shape and define the school’s climate and culture, are empowerment, innovation, respect, compassion, integrity, personalization, teamwork, courage, and responsibility. Reach Cyber Charter School Reach Cyber Charter School courses are offered throughout the year- during the fall, spring and summer sessions. As a result, this online high school provides Pennsylvania school students with three flexible graduation pacing options. In the Standard Pace option, students take a full course load in fall and spring. For the Year-Round Pace options, students take fewer classes than usual in fall and spring, but they also attend school in summer. Accelerated Pace students attend full-time year round, leading to early graduation. The school uses a secure education management system on which parents and students can locate necessary documents, communicate with teachers, find daily lessons and more. SusQ-Cyber Charter School SusQ-Cyber Charter School uses a blended curriculum, with content from a variety of providers. In synchronous online classrooms, students participate along with other students and the teacher in real time. As a fully staffed public high school, SusQ-Cyber has a Guidance Department, Student Health Services, and a Special Education Department. The school’s technical support staff, among other tasks, keeps up with all the gear that students receive: an Apple computer, as well as an iPad for 11th- and 12th-grade students, any necessary software; a personal internet hot spot; a printer and ink; and calculators.

Population Specific Pain Assessment & Management Protocol Essay

Population Specific Pain Assessment & Management Protocol - Essay Example These include: poor sleep, loss of appetite, decreased functioning, elevated levels of depression and anxiety and decreased quality of life (Twycross, 1994). The powerlessness and hopelessness expressed by patients experiencing moderate to severe pain is all too often mirrored by nurses who lack the appropriate knowledge and assessment skills to manage pain effectively (Clements and Cummings, 1991). Common barriers to effective pain management reported in the literature include: knowledge deficits; fear of addiction to opioid medication; and, lack of consistency in the systematic assessment and documentation of pain and the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. (McCaffery and Ferrell, 1997) Assessment is widely regarded in the literature as the cornerstone to effective pain management. Nurses spend more time with patients than any other member of the health care team and are thus in an optimal position to perform pain assessment. Through the integration of fundamental physiological knowledge, information on the patient's history and the comprehensive assessment of their pain, the nurse plays a major role in optimizing patient management. In our society, information gathering is viewed almost uniformly as a good thing. (It is the "information age," after all.) Nowhere is this truer than in medicine. For doctors, more information is always better. In the past, most of our information came from the patient. Now it increasingly comes from machines. Doctors like tests because we see them as objective and more reliable than our own subjective judgments. We also see tests as something tangible we can offer the patient at the end of a clinic visit. Patients like tests for the same reasons. Ordering a test validates their concerns and promises concrete information-a definitive diagnosis. Sometimes patients even perceive their care as substandard if they are not given some sort of test. While doctors and patients recognize that treatments may have side effects or lead to complications, both tend to view testing as something that can only help. The prevailing attitude seems to be it can't hurt just to gather a little information. Cancer, however, is a diagnosis made by examining human tissue under the microscope. And the only way to look at tissue under the microscope is to do a biopsy: cut a small piece of tissue and remove it from the body. A biopsy is a small operation, and like any operation, it can be disruptive and painful and can lead to complications. So it's not the kind of test you want to perform on everyone. The job of the cancer-screening test is to determine which patients should be biopsied. In other words, a screening test is a preliminary test. It is not a test to determine who has cancer; instead, it is a test to determine who should be tested further. Can a negative screening test be wrong The answer is almost certainly yes, although it is very hard to prove. That is because we do not biopsy people with negative screening tests. The only way we ever come to suspect that a negative screening test might have been wrong is when a new cancer becomes clinically obvious soon after a person has a negative test. Testing In The Real World In the real world, cancer testing is more complex. Test results aren't just positive or negative; often

Does Science Aim at the Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Does Science Aim at the Truth - Essay Example Other philosophers have also extended Plato’s ideas on knowledge, especially by focusing on how beliefs can be separated from truths. In Discourse, Descartes (1985, p. 131) says that something can only be known if you believe it, if it is truth, and if you have evidence supporting the belief. This is similar to Plato’s approach. The only difference is that Descartes takes a slightly more practical approach and consider how people can justify their belief in something. The answer is that people justify their belief via evidence. If they have evidence that supports their belief, they have a reason to say that their belief is true. This suggests that the scientific approach is based on finding the truth, since it also uses evidence to support beliefs. Another philosopher that provides information on the topic is Lonergan. The focus of Lonergan’s philosophy is how ideas are created and used to create knowledge. In Insight: A Study of Human Understanding (1957, p. 32) Lonergan argues that individuals gain knowledge by questioning the data that is attained from experience. According to Lonergan, facts and knowledge are based in reality. However, people do not automatically have an understanding of facts and knowledge. Instead, people have to gain an understanding by questioning and considering their experience. In some cases, people will make assumptions about the world based on experience. They will then test these assumptions to see if they are correct. In proposing this view, Lonergan is not talking about a scientific approach, but is simply talking about how people learn about the world and acquire knowledge. The interesting thing is that his approach mirrors the scientific method. The scientific metho

Research report on the casual dining Sector in KSA ( Saudi Arabia) Paper

Report on the casual dining Sector in KSA ( Saudi Arabia) - Research Paper Example The considerable market size as per the targeted population includes Riyadh and Jeddah as the main hub of the business. Other locations contributing in the overall market size of casual dining of KSA takes toll of Eastern province (Oxford Business Group, 2010). Other cities have also attracted the investors as the culture of dining out at causal stores has become a speculated fact. The number of franchise of one chain has about 50 stores currently as an average. The total of brand franchises has marked the rate of about more than 15000 stores. This will is expected to increase by 6% in the coming year (Soufi, 2012). Exposure to international way of living and increasing number of shopping malls based upon western standards. It should be noted that western civilization is considered to be involved in making use of their income for disposable purpose i.e. dining out as a form entertainment (Soufi, 2012). Dining out has become a trend of getting together with social groups. This has allowed people to come closer and becoming socially active as dining allow them to take time out of their routine and get engaged (Zawya.com, 2012). The market competition has relatively become zealous because the international chains have marked a strong grip of the market. The fact remains that the international chains are expected to get slowed in the competition because of the similarity in taste and store outlook. However, it has been noted that the Saudi chains have applied for license of their business in the sector. The planning of these stores is underway making it competitive for the international chains (Soufi, 2012). The threat that the present chains might have with the Saudi chain is the tradition and the typical predictable taste that the targeted market demand. Most of the chains have changed their menus and appointed ingredients in the meals which give it a Middle Eastern food touch. The

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Types, Causes and Effects

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Types, Causes and Effects Chapter 1: THE INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE WHAT IS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) means chronic inflammation of all or part of your digestive tract. IBD can be classified into two, which is, ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. IBD is very painful and debilitating, and can sometimes lead to life-threatening complications. The IBD is called an autoimmune disease because the body’s immune system attacks the digestive system. The disease is so severe that it may cause abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, cramps and fever. This is however different from Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) AND INLAMMATORY BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) The difference between the IBS and the IBD is that IBD is structural, but IBS is not. If the gut is examined by x-ray, endoscopy, biopsy or surgery, structural damage to the gut can be seen. In IBD, the damage is caused by the inflammation and may require heavy duty medication, or even surgery. Whereas in IBS, the examination of the gut of a person having IBS would help detect nothing. It can only be detected by gut symptoms. These may include abdominal cramps or pain, harder or looser bowel movements than average, excess gas, diarrhea and constipation – or alternating between the two. Both of these affect people of all ages but young people are mostly affected. Females have more chances of having IBS. IBD has no gender preference but is mostly found in Jews and people from Northern Europe. IBS is a worldwide disorder, while IBD is prominent in the planet’s temperate zones. In IBD, the gut is damaged by chronic inflammation. The damage is fought by the defense mechanism of the body resulting in fever and malaise. The intestines are disrupted, they may bleed and anemia is common too. There is inability to eat during attacks, inflammation is caused which results in wasting of energy, ultimately resulting in weight loss and malnutrition. IBS cannot be identified by findings of physical examination. However, the structural damage caused by IBD is also capable of producing striking physical findings like a mass in the abdomen, or the symptoms such as that of weight loss and anemia. Other differences include the need for surgery in IBD, which is not required in IBS. IBS does not induce complications in the gut, skin, joints and eyes, but IBD does. CROHN’S DISEASE This is the type of IBD that may involve any part(s) of the gastrointestinal tract, ranging from mouth to anus. Listed below are a few characteristic features: Inflammation usually occurs in patches. The pain is usually experienced in the lower right abdomen. The colon may turn thick and might appear to be rocky. Ulcers in and along the digestive tract are very deep, sometimes extending into every layer of the bowel wall. During bowel movement, rectal bleeding is not common. Ulcerative colitis is the second type of IBD, which is taken up in the subsequent chapters. Chapter 2: ULCERATIVE COLITIS Defining Ulcerative colitis â€Å"Colitis† means the inflammation of the colon, or more largely, inflammation of the large intestine ( that comprises of colon, caecum and rectum). Ulcerative colitis is a disease of the colon, which is the largest part of the large intestine, characterized by ulcers (open sores). These ulcers are painful wounds, they may bleed and also produce mucus and pus. The mucosa (inner lining) of the intestine becomes red and swollen. The rectal area is most severely affected. If the lining of the colon is damaged, it may cause bloody diarrhea. Where Crohn’s disease can affect almost any part of the digestive tract, Ulcerative colitis only affects the large intestine. Crohn’s disease can be treated by removing the affected parts and reconnecting the healthy ones. Whereas to treat ulcerative colitis, one may have to remove the large intestine completely (called colectomy). It can occur at highly irregular intervals, at times, with symptoms extremely severe, and sometimes, no symptoms at all. Ulcerative Colitis- An autoimmune condition In autoimmunity, an organism fails to recognize its own constituent parts as â€Å"self, and thus leads to an immune response against its own tissues and cells. Such diseases are termed as autoimmune diseases. In other words, our body’s defense mechanism goes wrong and attacks its own healthy tissue. There are harmless bacteria present inside the colon, which are mistaken to be harmful by the defense mechanism, and are attacked, leading to inflammation. Classifying Ulcerative Colitis Ulcerative Proctitis This is Ulcerative colitis in its mildest form. There is inflammation only within the rectal area. The various signs and symptoms are as follows: Rectal pain Rectal bleeding There is an urge to move the bowels but inability to do so. Proctosigmoiditis This involves the lower end of the colon, that is, the sigmoid colon and the rectum. The signs and symptoms are as follows: Abdominal pain Bloody diarrhea Abdominal cramps Constant urge to go to the toilet Left sided colitis There in inflammation in the rectum, up on the left side along the sigmoid colon and the descending colon. The signs and symptoms are: Abdominal cramping on the left side Bloody diarrhea Weight loss Pancolitis (Universal colitis) This involves and affects the whole colon. The signs and symptoms are: Bloody diarrhea (there may be severe bouts) Abdominal pain Abdominal cramps Weight loss Fatigue Fulminant Colitis This is the most rare form of colitis and it can be life threatening. It affects the whole colon. Patients suffering from fulminant colitis are at a constant risk of toxic megacolon (the colon becomes swollen, or bloated, or distended) and colon rupture. The signs and symptoms are as follows: Severe diarrhea, that can lead to shock and dehydration Severe pain SYMPTOMS OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS The Gastrointestinal symptoms include: Diarrhea with blood and mucus. This implies the gradual onset of the disease which may persist for an extended period, maybe weeks. If rectal examination is conducted, blood may be found. The patients also suffer from drastic weight loss. Due to the inflammation and extreme loss of blood from the gastrointestinal tract, anaemia may occur. There may be mild abdominal pain, or painful bowel movements accompanied with painful abdominal cramping. One may even experience fatigue and loss of appetite. One may experience very mild or almost no symptoms, called â€Å"remission†, which may be followed by symptoms that are troublesome, called â€Å"flare-ups† or â€Å"relapses†. These may be triggered by stress. Flare-ups may be very troublesome, in which patients may have to empty their bowels about six times or more each day. Heartbeat may be fast or irregular, accompanied by shortness of breath and high fever. Severity of the disease Mild disease This means less than four stools each day. Blood may be present or absent. Patient may experience mild cramping and abdominal pain. The patient may feel constipated, with a continuous feeling of needing to empty the bowel, with cramping or pain and little or almost no fecal output. Moderate disease This means more than four stools each day. Patient also displays signs of anemia, fever around 100 to 102 degrees Fahrenheit. Severe Disease This means around six stools with blood each day, implying observable bowel movement, toxicity demonstrated in the form of fever, anaemia and tachycardia. Fulminant Disease This means more than or equal to ten bowel movements each day, accompanied by continuous bleeding, abdominal tenderness, toxicity, colonic dilation and blood transfusion is often required. Patients may have toxic megacolon as the inflammation extends beyond the mucosal layer. At times, the serous membrane also gets involved causing colonic perforation. If not treated, fulminant disease may lead to death. Extraintestinal Symptoms As ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disease, patients may develop symptoms as well as complications outside the colon. These include: Ulcers in the mouth. Opthalmic: Irritated and red eyes, or inflammation o iris called iritis. Musculoskeletal: Swollen joints (arthritis). These may be large joints, or small joints of hands or feet. Or joints of the spine. Cutaneous: Inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue. Painful and ulcerating lesion of the skin. A deformity of the ends of the fingers (Clubbing). Inflammation of the bile ducts (Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis). Chapter 3: Causes of Ulcerative Colitis The causes of Ulcerative Colitis are still not known. Yet, the possible causes are listed below: GENETICS The disease can be inherited if one has a close relative suffering from the disease. Hence it can be found in the family. The regions of the genome that can be linked to this disease are the chromosome number 1, 3, 5, 6, 12, 14, 16, 19. Since none of these have been faulty continuously, it has led to a conclusion that the disease occurs due to a combination of various genes. One of the regions, for example, has been linked to ulcerative colitis is chromosome band 1p36. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Inflammation may be encouraged by diet. For example, if there is a large intake of vitamin b6 and unsaturated fat affect the development of ulcerative colitis. There are many other discovered dietary factors which may lead to the relapse or development of the disease, like meat protein and alcoholic beverages. Vitamin D deficiency is also a leading cause of the disease. Breastfeeding may also lead to the development of the disease. The role of Sulphur in Ulcerative Colitis Sulphur is found in many foods and substances like milk, eggs, cheese, mayonnaise. It is also used as a food preservative because it stabilizes protein structures. It also prevents microbial growth during fermentation of wine and beer. Bacteria that are present in the bowel convert the sulphur present in the food to hydrogen sulphide, which is called fermentation. This substance is harmful as it can cause abdominal pain and urgent and frequent bowel movements. Because of the already existing inflammation of the bowel lining, patients suffering from ulcerative colitis find it difficult to break down the gas as they produce more hydrogen sulphide than normal. This toxic substance, in high amounts, reduces the protective unction of the cells that are lining the bowel. It can also cause cell death and induce ulceration in the superficial mucosa of the intestine. Hence the cells lining the colon are harmed. IMMUNE SYSTEM Theories suggest that a virus or a bacterium also may trigger ulcerative colitis as the digestive tract may become inflamed when the immune system tries to get rid of the invading microorganism (pathogen). This inflammation is caused due to the release of white blood cells to destroy the present pathogen. This may lead to an autoimmune reaction/condition in which the body produces an immune response even during the absence of the pathogen. This happens because the body tries to eliminate pathogens which are either gut friendly, or non-existent. RISK FACTORS The factors that raise the risk of developing Ulcerative colitis are as follows: Age: Though it may affect people at any and every age, it is more commonly found in people aged 15 to 30. Genetics: If someone has a close relative with the Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, they are at a high risk of development of the disease. Isotretinoin: The treatment of cystic acne is often done with the help of this medicine. It can cure other kinds of acne too, but it increases the risk of this disease. The medicine is also called Accutane. Amnesteem, Sotret and Claravis (These are the various other brand names). Appendectomy: The removal of the appendix may lead to the reduction of the risk of developing ulcerative colitis but an increased risk of Crohn’s disease. Chapter 4: DIAGNOSIS Ulcerative colitis is diagnosed only when the possible signs and symptoms of infection, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and colon cancer have been ruled out. The following tests are carried out: BLOOD TESTS They help to check anaemia, and also help to diagnose the name of the bowel disease the patient has. STOOL SAMPLE If there are white blood cells present in the stool, it implies that the patient is suffering from an inflammatory disease, possibly ulcerative colitis. It also helps rule out other diseases, like those caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites. Clostridium difficile usually causes diarrhea but also common amongst people suffering from ulcerative colitis. Bowel infection can also be checked this way. COLONOSCOPY The entire colon can be viewed using a flexible, thin and lighted tube which has a camera attached to it. Small tissue samples are also taken (called biopsy) so that a laboratory analysis can be conducted and ulcerative colitis may be diagnosed. SIGMOIDOSCOPY This test is done if the colon is inflamed severely. A thin, lighted and flexible tube is used to examine the last portion of the colon, the sigmoid. But the drawback of this procedure is that the problems occurring higher up the colon may be missed and a full picture of the affected colon is not achieved. BARIUM ENEMA The entire large intestine can be examined using an X-Ray. A contrast solution of barium accompanied with some air is placed into the bowel with the help of an enema. Once the barium coats the entire lining of the colon, rectum and a part of the large intestine, it creates a silhouette. This is a dangerous test and hence rarely used because the pressure that is applied to inflate the colon and coat it may lead to its rupture. X-RAY An X-ray of the abdominal area can be done to rule out the possibility of toxic megacolon and perforation as these conditions may appear because of the severe symptoms. CT SCAN This scan is carried out to check the extent of inflammation of the colon. The abdomen and pelvis are scanned if complications due to ulcerative colitis are observed or an inflamed small intestine that may be because of Crohn’s disease. VIDEO CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY (VCE) In this test, a patient swallows a capsule containing a camera which takes pictures of the intestine as it travels through it and sends them to a recorder wirelessly. The pictures can then be reviewed. Chapter 5: TREATMENT The treatment of ulcerative colitis is done on the basis of the severity of the disease. It mainly consists of changes in the diet and medication. If symptoms are found to be severe and long lasting, more medicines may be required or even surgery. But medicines cannot completely the disease. They can only minimize the risk of cancer, induce remissions and maintain them and improve the quality of life. AMINOSALICYLATES These are anti- inflammatory drugs that are used to induce and maintain remission. 5-aminosalicylic acid (5- ASA) produces the anti-inflammatory action. Examples of aminosalicylates are- MESALAZINE: Also called Pentasa, Octasa and Asacol SULFASALAZINE: This belongs to a class of antibiotics and it decomposed in the intestine to release 5-ASA. Since this substance is not entirely absorbed by the intestine, it gives a topical relief. CORTICOSTEROIDS These are often used with 5-ASA drugs to induce remission of ulcerative colitis. These work by the blocking the parts where leukocyte adhesion cascade occurs to induce inflammation. These have many side effects like the puffiness on the face, called â€Å"moon face†, and manic behavior. It may also cause bipolar disorder, inducing periods of elevated mood and depression. Examples include Cortisone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone. IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS These inhibit the immune system. They stop cell division of white blood cells that occur as an immune response. Examples are: Mercaptopurine, Methotrexate, Azathioprine. DIET MODIFICATION Fresh fruit, carbonated drink and caffeine should be avoided by patients suffering from diarrhea and abdominal cramping. Some patients show lactose intolerance (they are not able to digest lactose) hence they can’t consume lactose. To supplement the bone loss, calcium is given to them. The gastrointestinal and auto-immune symptoms can be helped by using the Specific Carbohydrate Diet that allows only the use of monosaccharides and not the other carbohydrates. At times due to metabolic defects, Hydrogen Peroxide may build up underneath the membrane that usually protects the walls of the intestine from the bacteria that are present. To protect ourselves from these oxidants, a need to take antioxidants arises. These include vitamins A, E, C, Selenium and manganese. HERBAL MEDICINE While Kampo is a medicine that is used in Japan, Boswellia is and Ayurvedic medicine that can be used as an alternative to other drugs. Medicinal cannabis can also be used as it helps reducing abdominal discomfort and abdominal irritability caused by ulcerative colitis. HELMINTHIC THERAPY Sometimes, parasites may help in the reduction of the immune response of the intestine. Whipworm may be used for this purpose. Reduction of immune response may help in the complete elimination of ulcerative colitis. SURGERY Colectomy is required to remove all or a part of the colon when it gets infected and begins to spread the infection to other parts. It can be classified as follows: TOTAL COLECTOMY: The entire colon is removed PARTIAL COLECTOMY: The entire colon is not removed, but only a part of it is. HEMICOLECTOMY: Removal of the left or right part of the colon PROCTOCOLECTOMY: Removal of the colon as well as the rectum. Once colectomy is performed, the remaining portions of the gastrointestinal tract are reattached in order to allow the waste to be eliminated from the body.

Beyond Suffrage: A Book Review Essay examples -- essays research pape

The book, Beyond Suffrage; Women in the New Deal, presents the role of women in the 1930’s in a much different light than many people think of it. The goal of this book is to enlighten the reader as to what role women played in politics during the New Deal. Because of it’s broad view I have taken several specific examples from the book and elaborated on them in order to give you a better understanding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author, Susan Ware, begins by laying the groundwork for the women’s network. During the 1930’s, many different organizations began to evolve to include women in their decision-making. The backbone to this movement seems to lie deep within the White House. The First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, held a great deal of influence in decisions regarding women and their role. Ware writes of Mrs. Roosevelt as the â€Å"foremost member of the women’s network in the 1930’s,† and throughout the book Roosevelt’s influence seems to be everywhere.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moving on, the twenty-eight women discussed in this book are all linked through a complex network, which made them very strong in a time where women had no real strength. Almost all of them held top federal jobs in Washington DC. They were all educated women, born in the same generation. A sisterhood, supporting each other and encouraging each other after every victory, no matter how small, linked them very closely. These women gave each other the moral support and mentorship that seems abse...

Organizational Archetypes Essay

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine Mintzberg’s organizational archetypes and to explain why an organizational template is a good idea. It will also explore briefly, the subject of teamwork and leadership and why there are not enough true leaders today. Organizational Archetypes To be successful, an organization has to be made up of quality people. It also has to be structured in such a way as to promote success. Successful businesses today are based on structural archetypes that were products of the work of Henry Mintzberg, a renowned management theorist. Henry Mintzberg graduated from McGill University and has written 15 books and about 150 articles all dealing with organizational structure. According to him, an organization’s structure comes from its strategy, the environmental forces it experiences, and the way the organization itself is built. When all of these work well together the organization will be successful, but if they do not interplay nicely the organization will not be successful (Markgraf, 2014). To better illustrate the idea he was promoting Mintzberg came up with basically five different structural archetypes. A couple of them may be referred to by different names but the five included are 1) the simple or entrepreneurial archetype, 2) the machine bureaucracy archetype, 3) the professional archetype, 4) the divisional archetype, and 5) the innovative (also known as adhocracy) archetype (Mintzberg’s Organizational Configurations, 2014). Each of these archetypes demonstrate a different way that a business can be structured and each of them are like an umbrella, encompassing a number of different types of businesses within each. But together, they represent the organizational structure of pretty much every business that has any type of success. So this begs the question: What are the key features of each archetype? First, we have the simple or entrepreneurial archetype. This kind of structure basically consists of one large unit with one or just a few top managers. It is relatively informal compared to other organizations and the lack of standardization allows it to be more flexible. This category is made up of mostly small or very young companies. As it grows this type of business structure begins to become inadequate as the decision-making load proves to be too much for the small management staff (Mintzberg’s Organizational Configurations, 2014). Next we have the machine organization. This group is made up of mostly large manufacturers and government agencies. For the most part, tasks are formalized and there is a high level of standardization which allows the organization to function much like a machine. Jobs are clearly defined and procedures are regularly analyzed for efficiency. This works well but the downside is that this formalization can lead to specialization, and this can result in functional units having conflicting goals that are inconsistent with the corporation’s objectives (Mintzberg’s Organizational Configurations, 2014). Third, and closely related to the machine structure, is the professional organization. While also being very bureaucratic, the difference is that decision-makers are highly trained professionals who have control over their own work. These specialized skills and the autonomy that these highly trained professionals enjoy makes the decision making more decentralized in this structure and that makes it much more complex. This type of organization is the kind where we find schools and universities falling within (Kokemuller, 2014). In large and mature organizations you will often find the next archetype, and that is the divisional organization. In this type there are many different product lines and business units. There is a central headquarters with a number of autonomous divisions making their own decisions. One of the strengths of this type of organization is that with the autonomy of the separate divisions it leaves the central team to focus on the big picture. It also allows them to make sure that necessary support systems are in place  for the entire organization. A significant weakness of this type is that with so many autonomous divisions you end up having a significant duplication of resources and activities and at times even conflict between divisions since they are competing for the same company resources (Kokemuller, 2014). The last archetype is the innovative organization or â€Å"adhocracy†. This is best suited to new companies that need to be innovative just to survive. Filmmaking, pharmaceuticals, and consulting businesses all fall within this category. Within this type of organization power is delegated to wherever it is needed which can bring up some control issues, but at the same time gives them unequaled flexibility. They can also move their talent around to get them involved in any project where they may be needed. This allows them to respond very quickly to change. Because the talent moves around to where it is needed, teams can be self-organizing and the sharing of authority can be just as effective when shared horizontally as it is when shared vertically. This really sets an â€Å"adhocracy† apart from other archetypes because in all the others authority really only flowed vertically to varying degrees. But here we have horizontal sharing too, which as we mentioned, can result in some problems with control and who has final authority over some decisions. But for the most part this is a very successful type of organization for project-based companies or those that require the ability to adjust to quick changes quite often (Mintzberg’s Organizational Configurations, 2014). So, we find that Mintzberg’s five archetypes cover most successful businesses that we see. But these archetypes are broad descriptions of the organization. To really understand individual organizations we need to get more specific. This is where templates come in handy. They can be based on the archetype, but they illustrate more specifically how things will be structured and relate to each other in the business. They can quickly make clear what the purpose, mission, and goals are for the organization. You need templates because they can be used to very quickly see the current state of the organization and how different resources can be manipulated to improve the business. A template also makes it much easier to show employees the purpose of the business, how it is to run, and what their role will be.  In this way it serves as a visual aid (Microsoft, n.d.). Mintzberg also made the claim that we have too many managers and too few leaders. This paper supports that statement. A manager is a position to be filled. In businesses with a high turn-over of employees, such as the fast food industry or quick-marts, someone may be promoted to the position of manager but only because there is no other choice. It is not because they are qualified. This happens a lot today. So we have a lot of managerial positions being filled by persons who are untrained and do not possess true leadership skills. Then once promoted a lot of managers seem to want to be friends first and leaders second. It is not a bad thing to have a friendly relationship with your workers, but not at the expense of leading them properly. The result is that the business suffers. But it is a hard fact to change since we have such a big turnover in workers today (Peshawaria, 2003). So in conclusion, Mintzberg was a theorist with several good ideas. His work in the field of organizational and managerial theory has helped people for decades to better understand how businesses should be classified and how they should be structured and run. By studying his ideas a person can certainly better understand the benefits and weaknesses of basing an organization on a particular type of structure and also how the decision making process should be handled. References Kokemuller, N. (2014). Mintzberg’s Five Types of Organizational Structure. Retrieved August 16, 2014, from Houston Chronicles: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/mintzbergs-five-types-organizational-structure-60119.html Markgraf, B. (2014). Mintzberg’s Five Types of Organizational Structure. Retrieved August 16, 2014, from azCentral: http://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/mintzbergs-five-types-organizational-structure-2705.html Microsoft. (n.d.). Business organizational chart. Retrieved August 16, 2014, from Microsoft.com Templates: http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/templates/business-organizational-chart-TC006088976.aspx Mintzberg’s Organizational Configurations. (2014). Retrieved August 16, 2014, from mindtools.com: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_54.htm Peshawaria, R. (2003, May 19). Too Many Bosses, Too Few Leaders. Retrieved August 16, 2014, from LeadershipNow.com: http://www.leadershipnow.com/leadingblog/2011/09/too_many_bosses_too_few_leader.html